Performing Personal Hygiene Rituals Without Gravity

Performing Personal Hygiene Rituals Without Gravity There are many things we take for granted here on Earth that take on a whole new aspect in orbit. On Earth, we expect our food to stay on our plates. Water stays in containers. And, we always have an ample supply of air to breathe. In space, all those activities are a lot more difficult and require careful planning. Thats because of the microgravity environments that astronauts live in on orbit. Astronaut Ed Lu uses chopsticks to hold his food and a drink packet to keep fluids from escaping before he drinks them.   NASA The Complexity of Life in Space All human missions have to deal not only with feeding and housing astronauts, but taking care of their other bodily needs. In particular, for long-duration missions, the management of ordinary daily habits becomes even more important since these activities require sanitary conditions to operate in the weightlessness of space. Space agency folks around the world spend a lot of time designing such systems. Taking a Shower There used to be no way to take a shower on an orbital craft, so astronauts had to make do with sponge baths until they returned home. They washed with wet washcloths and utilized  soaps that do not require rinsing. Keeping clean in space is as important as it is at home, and even doubly so since astronauts at times spend long hours in space suits wearing diapers so they can stay outside and get their work done.   Astronaut Karen Nygard shows how an astronaut can do a shampoo in space. NASA Things have changed and nowadays, there are shower units on the International Space Station. Astronauts jump into a round, curtained chamber to shower. When theyre done, the machine suctions up all the water droplets from their shower.  To provide a little privacy, they extend the curtain of the WCS (Waste Collection System), the toilet or bathroom. These same systems may well be used on the Moon or an asteroid or Mars when humans get around to visiting those places in the near future.   Brushing Teeth Its not only possible to brush your teeth in space, but its also essential since the nearest dentist is a few hundred miles away if somebody gets a cavity. But, tooth brushing presented a unique problem for astronauts during early space travel. Its a messy operation- they cant really just spit in space and expect the environment to stay tidy. So, a dental consultant with NASAs Johnson Space Center in Houston developed a toothpaste, now marketed commercially as NASADent, that can be swallowed. Foamless and ingestible, it has been a major breakthrough for the elderly, hospital patients, and others who have trouble brushing their teeth.   Astronauts who can not bring themselves to swallow the toothpaste, or who have brought their own favorite brands, sometimes spit into a washcloth. Using the Toilet One of the most-asked questions that NASA receives is about bathroom rituals. Every astronaut gets asked the question, How do you go to the bathroom in space? The answer is, very carefully. Since there is no gravity to either hold a toilet bowl full of water in place or pull human wastes down, designing a toilet for zero-gravity was no easy task. NASA had to use air flow to direct urine and feces.   The toilets on the International Space Station  are designed to look and feel as similar to those on Earth as possible. However, there are some important differences. Astronauts must use straps to hold their feet against the floor and pivoting bars swing across the thighs, ensuring the user remains seated. Since the system operates on a vacuum, a tight seal is essential. Beside the main toilet bowl, there is a hose, which is utilized as a urinal by men and women. It can be used in a standing position or can be attached to the commode by a pivoting mounting bracket for use in a sitting position. A separate receptacle allows for disposal of wipes. All units use flowing air instead of water to move waste through the system. The human waste is separated and solid wastes are compressed, exposed to vacuum, and stored for later removal. Wastewater is vented to space, although future systems may recycle it. The air is filtered to remove odor and bacteria and then returned to the station. This is the toilet device used onboard the Russian Soyuz craft.   Maksym Kozlenko, CC BY-SA-4.0 Future waste-removal systems on long-term missions may involve recycling for onboard hydroponics and gardens systems or other recycling requirements. Space bathrooms have come a long way from the early days when astronauts had pretty crude methods to handle the situation. Fast Facts Personal hygiene tasks in space are a lot more complex than here on Earth. The low-gravity environment requires more care.Shower systems have been installed on space stations, but they require very careful attention to make sure water does not stray into the crew compartments and electronics.Toilet facilities use suction and other devices to direct materials for safe storage and away from the walls and electronics. Edited and updated by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Latin Personal Pronouns

Latin Personal Pronouns A pronoun stands in for a noun. A personal pronoun works like a noun in one of the 3 persons, which are, predictably, numbered 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. In Latin, nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined: endings signify the specific use of the pronouns in the sentence. These uses and endings are the cases. Commonly, there are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative cases. Latin Personal Pronouns in the Subject or Nominative Case Subject or Nominative Case pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. (The subject is the word in the sentence that does the verb.) Here are the English subject pronouns followed by the Latin nominative pronouns. I - EgoYou - TuHe/She/It - Is/Ea/IdWe - NosYou - VosThey - Ei Oblique Case Pronouns: Genitive Case The oblique cases are the cases that are not nominative/subject. One of these is familiar from English pronouns. This familiar case is the possessive or Genitive Case, as it is called in reference to Latin. The English determiner my is a possessive. The English pronouns mine, ours, yours, and his/her/its are possessive pronouns. Other Oblique Cases Other oblique cases are the direct object (Accusative Case in Latin) and the prepositional cases (in English). Accusative Case The Accusative Case is used as the direct object of a sentence or the object of a preposition. Not all Latin prepositions take the Accusative Case. Some prepositions take other cases. Dative Case The Dative Case is the equivalent of the English indirect object case. The indirect object is used in English when a verb takes 2 objects: one is acted upon (the direct object/Accusative Case) and one receives the object (the indirect object/Dative Case). (Subject does direct object to indirect object [example below].) You can generally spot the indirect object easily in English because the prepositions to and for precede it*. In Latin, there are no propositions for the Dative Case. He gave the letter to you (Epistulam tibi donavit.) He Subject/Nominative CaseTo You Indirect Object/Dative Case tibiThe Letter Direct Object/Accusative CaseDoing it all with pronouns:He gave it to you. (Id tibi donavit)**He Subject/Nominative CaseIt Direct Object/Accusative Case idTo You Indirect Object/Dative Case tibi Besides the Dative Case for the indirect object, where the English preposition is spelled out (to or for), there are other prepositional cases. Ablative Case The Ablative Case is used with a wide variety of propositions, including with and by. Like the Dative Case, the prepositions are sometimes implied in Latin, rather than written out. The case that is used for the direct object which youll remember is called the Accusative Case is also used with some prepositions. Some prepositions take either the Ablative or the Accusative Case, depending on meaning. * Not all instances of the prepositions to and for in English signify the indirect object. ** Note the subject personal pronoun is not spelled out but is included in the information from the verb, which tells you person, number, voice, mood, aspect, and tense. You could say Ille id tibi donavit if the he in question were important.

Organizational Justice and Human Resource Management Case Study

Organizational Justice and Human Resource Management - Case Study Example David gets attached to a larger group of 10 people and has difficulty in making his presence felt. Kate does a brief ethics blunder by wearing revealing and improper clothes to the workplace. This gives her instant attention from everyone. She is also reprimanded by the human resource representative on the advice of a senior male partner. On the other hand, David is trying to pull attention to him by putting in extra hours but feels that only the team leader is getting the credit for the entire job done. Both Kate and John share the same counselor, Tom, who is a senior manager in the company. While Tom discusses job problems and other work-related details with Kate, he only discusses sports and other unrelated topics with David. David finds it confusing but shows off his knowledge of sports in the hopes of impressing Tom and getting more interesting projects. Five years later both Kate and David have progressed in their jobs. After completing their CA they are engaged in other activities. Kate is interested in a charitable institution run by the company and devotes most of her free time in making contacts. She is reproved by her seniors for this who think that she could utilize her time in a more fruitful manner. But, Kate finds that her growing network of contacts due to the charity work is actually helping her with her job. She is getting insights and suggestions into areas in which she had no previous expertise. Hence, she is able to serve her clients in a better manner. On the other hand, one of David’s tasks includes training the new recruits. This is a job of responsibility. David fulfills his new role with pleasure. The only drawback is that the job cuts him off from everyone leaving his clients bewildered about his whereabouts. For his only selfish needs, David does not assign his client-oriented jobs to his colleagues thinking that they will receive the credit for something on which he had worked. Thus, he remai ns highly unreachable to everyone while on these training periods.

Racialization of immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Racialization of immigration - Essay Example However, some sections seem more exaggerated, for instance, Jews’ hard work and education, which enabled them to assume the middle class or equal the whites. This is because the whites were constantly against any ethnic group, which seemed to equal them. Therefore, I disagree with her regarding lighter or mild segregation on some ethnic groups, for instance, the Jews. Immigrants belonged to a low class compared to whites where in attaining the same status, the few nonwhites (Jews) had to undergo a meticulous whiteness process. Therefore, this entailed first the then regime to put a sharp wedge between the Black Americans and Jews (Rothenberg 42). In addition, the Natives also ensured that the Jews adopted and emulated ideals that would differentiate them with other nonwhites. For illustration, masculine ideal besides working hard to secure a higher economic stability that was higher than that of African Americans, hence assume the middle class. This was via education, though segregation still acted as a blocking barrier against them (Hund 123). American’s segregation despite the nonwhites belonging to the same group of the darks, the then incumbent regime classified people according to their ethnics (Rothenberg 46). The African Americans assumed the lowest class in the society whereas the Jews and some Black elites the middle class. This also was evident in the division of labor where the blacks earned living via manual jobs besides being the recipient exploitation (Roediger 234). The white mainstream’s agenda was to acquire and maintain cheap labor especially in their well-established corporations and institutions (Hund 109). Consequently, this ensured division of labor and classes where the native whites would continue to enjoy top privileges contrary to the low classes (Rothenberg 47). Additionally, it was also a plan to deny nonwhites the chance of venturing into politics where they

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Example for Free

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Abstract This study focused on how a non-targeted group minority youth might or might not benefit from a prevention intervention focused on other cultural groups. The study specifically evaluated the effects of an evidence-based drug prevention curriculum with a sample of urban American Indian youth in the southwest U. S. , most of whom self-reported multi-ethnic heritages. This research examined the developmental trajectory of drug use for these youth, and compared it with the trajectory of youth from other racial/ethnic groups at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and two follow up time periods. Results indicated that alcohol and marijuana use increased from pre-intervention across subsequent time periods for all youth. The drug use of the American Indian youth in the treatment group increased on certain measures. They reported a steeper trajectory in the amount and frequency of alcohol and marijuana use compared to the youths in the treatment groups with other racial/ethnic identifications. Implications of these findings for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs for multi-ethnic, urban American Indian youth are discussed. Culturally specific, school-based drug prevention programs have been receiving increased attention in recent years. These programs are based on the premise that infusing youths culture into the content and format of the prevention message will reduce adolescent drug use (Kandel 1995). One such program, Keepin it R. E. A. L. , has achieved this by creating the curriculum from the developmental and cultural realities of Mexican American youth from the southwest United States (Gosin et al. 2003). To date, the program has been developed for and evaluated with primarily Mexican American youth (Kulis et al. 2005). Research has assessed the differences in program effectiveness by acculturation level among Mexican/Mexican Americans (Marsiglia et al. 2005) but has not closely examined the residual effects of this program among other minority youth populations (i. e. , the programs effects on non-targeted minority youth populations). In what ways might this program impact the drug use of minority youth who are not Mexican American? How might these effects compare with the treatment effects of the program for Mexican American and European American youth? Drug Prevention Programming for American Indian Youth There have been substantial efforts in recent years toward the development of drug prevention programs focused on American Indian youth. For example, Marlatt et al. (2003) described the development of the Journeys of the Circle Project, which is a culturally congruent life skills course targeted toward Northwestern American Indian youth. Similarly, Schinke et al. (2000) implemented and evaluated a culturally tailored life skills intervention with American Indian youth from 10 reservations in North and South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, and Oklahoma. Aside from the research conducted by Schinke and colleagues, however, the majority of prevention efforts with American Indian youth have not been rigorously evaluated for efficacy (Beauvais and Trimble 2003; Hawkins et al. 2004). Beauvais and Trimble stated that most of the prevention research with American Indian youth has focused largely on commentary and recommendations and not on the science of prevention (p. 397). However, while there are relatively few evaluation studies focused specifically on drug use and American Indian youth, there have been ongoing efforts related to culturally specific drug prevention programs for minority youth in general. Related to this research is the debate as to whether prevention programs need to be culturally grounded, that is, developed from the cultural values and variability inherent within each culture, or if they can be culturally adapted, that is, modified from universal prevention programs originally developed for non-Hispanic European American populations (Hecht et al.2003). Each of these approaches has implications toward the fidelity and fit of prevention interventions (Castro et al. 2004). Further, culturally focused prevention curricula range in ethnic specificity; some are highly specific (e. g. , Hecht et al. 2003) while others are more broadly targeted for minority youth (e. g. , Botvin et al. 1997). In sum, there is much left to learn about the degree of cultural specificity required for positive prevention effects with minority youth. The Keepin it R. E. A. L. Curriculum Keepin it R. E. A. L. is a culturally grounded, video-enhanced prevention intervention that was developed and normed from the narratives of Latino, African American, and Euro American youth (Gosin et al. 2003), and validated with teacher and student feedback (Gosin et al. 2003. ; Harthun et al. 2002). It has been identified as a Model Program by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA; U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS] n. d. ), which is a designation given by the organization to effective programs that have been evaluated using rigorous standards of research. The 10-lesson curriculum was designed for use with middle school students (6th, 7th, and 8th graders), and draws from a variety of theoretical frameworks, such as communication competence theory (Spitzberg and Cupach 1984) and ecological risk and resiliency theory (Bogenschneider 1996). The curriculum situates these frameworks within the unique geographic and cultural contexts of Latino, African American, and European American youth in the southwest United States. The primary focus of the program is on teaching drug resistance skills using four strategies: refuse, explain, avoid, and leave (Hecht et al.2003). Refuse consists of statements of saying no to substance use offers, while explain consists of more elaborate reasons for refusing these offers. Avoid refers to avoiding situations where drugs and alcohol might be present, and leave refers to leaving the environment once the youth encounters substance use (Hecht et al. 2003). The cultural specificity of the program components is based on prior research, which found ethnic differences in common communication styles, competencies, and norms (Hecht and Ribeau 1984; Hecht et al.1990) and drug use contexts (Gosin et al. 2003). Based on this research, three versions of the curriculum have been developed: 1) A Latino version, which primarily reflects Mexican American and Mexican values (e. g. , familismo, or family orientation), 2) A Non-Latino version, grounded primarily in European American and African American values, and 3) A Multicultural version, which combines half of the lessons from the Latino version and half of the lessons from the non-Latino version (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). An example of an objective from the Latino version of the curriculum is for the student to recognize what he/she does affects his/her community, group, and family, while an objective from the Non-Latino version is for the student to recognize what he/she does may have favorable or unfavorable consequences on his/her own future goals (Gosin et al. 2003, p. 128). The in-class curriculum was supplemented with a media campaign, consisting of television, radio, and billboard advertisements that reinforced the four strategies (refuse, explain, avoid, and leave) and follow-up booster activities such as school assemblies, poster projects, murals, and essay contests (Kulis et al. 2005). Research evaluating the curriculum found that the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana increased over time for students who received any version of the intervention and students in the control group; however, the increase was significantly less for students in the intervention group (Hecht et al.2003). This effect was particularly salient for alcohol use (Gosin et al. 2003; Hecht et al. 2003). Further, the intervention students perceived significantly smaller increases in their peers substance use compared with those in the control group (DHHS n. d. ; Hecht et al. 2003). Past research suggests differential effects of each version of the program, with the Latino and Multicultural versions of the intervention providing more benefits to Mexican/Mexican American students (Gosin et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005) and the overall sample (Hecht et al. 2003). However, while versions of the curriculum that incorporated aspects of culture (the Latino and Multicultural Versions) were found to impact a wider array of substance use and attitudinal outcomes in the desirable direction than did the Non-Latino version, tests of strict cultural matching of program content with the students racial/ethnic backgrounds did not produce statistically significant differences (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). In other words, these studies did not find that Mexican/Mexican American students receiving the Latino version of the curriculum demonstrated better overall outcomes than those receiving other versions of the curriculum. This finding is significant, because it provides support for prevention programs that broadly target minority youth, rather than those that are ethnic-specific. Subsequently, the strength of culturally grounded prevention programs may lie in their ability to reflect regionally-specific multicultural environments, rather than specific ethnic groups. In order to examine this hypothesis, we chose to examine the programs efficacy with another predominant minority cultural group in the southwest U. S. To date, no studies of Keepin it R. E. A. L. have examined the residual effects of the program among youth who were not Latino, African American, or Euro American. Perhaps this programs strength lies in its ability to integrate multiculturalism into drug prevention, defined as the inclusion of cultural values from all groups participating in the prevention program (Green 1999), rather than its cultural specificity related to drug use prevention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the curriculum on urban American Indian youth of the southwest in order to examine this hypothesis more closely. The study presented here involved a reanalysis of data that was previously reported (Gosin et al.2003; Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis, et al. 2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005). However, this study differs from previous studies because it tests the generalizability of the culturally enhanced versions of the curriculum with American Indian youth. This is accomplished through the use of growth curve modeling to examine the developmental trajectory of drug use among youth who participated in Keepin it R. E. A. L. While previous evaluations of the Keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum support its efficacy with specific groups of racial/ethnic adolescents (Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis et al.2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005), the current study suggests that the program may have limited effectiveness in curbing the drug use of American Indian youth. Despite the current studys limitations, our findings have implications for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs in schools, reservation, and non-reservation communities for American Indian youth and for other minority youth populations. Our findings suggest that American Indian youth may require drug prevention curricula that are specific to their developmental and cultural realities. In order to effectively address drug use among American Indian youth, prevention researchers and specialists may need to focus on creating and/or modifying drug prevention programs in order to address the daily traditions, cultures, and values of American Indian youth. References 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (2003). The effectiveness of alcohol and drug abuse prevention among American-Indian youth. In Z. Sloboda W. J. Bukoski (Eds. ), Handbook of drug abuse prevention: Theory, science, and practice (pp. 393-410). New York: Kluwer. 2. Botvin, G. J. , Epstein, J. A. , Baker, E., Diaz, T. , Ifill-Williams, M. (1997). School-based drug abuse prevention with inner-city minority youth. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 6, 5-19. 3. Castro, F. G. , Barrera, M. , Martinez, C. R. (2004). The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: Resolving tensions between fidelity and fit. Prevention Science, 5, 41-45. 4. Hecht, M. L. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Kulis, S. , Dustman, P. , Miller-Day, M. (2003). Culturally grounded substance use prevention: An evaluation of the keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum. Prevention Science, 4, 233-248. 5. Kandel, D. B. (1995). Ethnic differences in drug use: Patterns, paradoxes. In G. J. Botvin, S. Schinke, M. A. Orlandi (Eds. ), Drug abuse prevention with multiethnic youth (pp. 81-104). Thousand Oaks: Sage. 6. Gosin, M. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Hecht, M. L. (2003). keepinit R. E. A. L. : A drug resistance curriculum tailored to the strengths and needs of pre-adolescents of the southwest. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 119-142. 7. Kulis, S. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Dustman, P. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Hecht, M. L. (2005). Mexican/Mexican American adolescents and keepin in R. E. A. L. : An evidence-based, substance use prevention program. Children and Schools, 27, 133-145. 8. Marlatt, G. A. , Larimer, M. E. , Mail, P. D. , Hawkins, E. H. , Cummins, L. H. , Blume, A. W. , et al. (2003). Journeys of the circle: A culturally congruent life skills intervention for adolescent Indian drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 1-3. 9. Schinke, S. P. , Orlandi, M. A. , Botvin, G. J. , Gilchrist, L. D. , Trimble, J. E. , Locklear, V. S. (1988). Preventing substance abuse among American Indian adolescents: A bicultural competence skills approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 87-90. 1. 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor :: World War II WWII WW2

The Japanese planned a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and struck at 7:55 A.M. on December 7th, 1941. This attack led to President Franklin Roosevelt asking Congress for a Declaration of War. This was the event that led to the United States entering World War II. The United States was mad at Japan for invading Manchuria in 1931. We were worried about the Japanese military. That is why President Roosevelt moved our Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor. After many months of talking, the Japanese broke off negotiations with the United States on December 6, 1941. We had made an offer to them and they never replied to the offer. The U.S. knew that the Japanese were probably going to attack us soon. We didn’t know where the attack would be. Most military officers thought it would be in the South Pacific. They were partly right and wrong. Nobody really thought the Japanese would attack our fleet at Pearl Harbor in the east even though we knew it was possible for an aircraft carrier attack to hit there. The Japanese secretly sent a large naval fleet toward Pearl Harbor. It was the largest fleet of its type in history. The purpose of the mission was to wipe out the U.S. Pacific Fleet so the Japanese could continue to take control of the South Pacific area. Our fleet was the only real threat to their military plan. When the Japanese planes left the aircraft carriers to attack Pearl Harbor they were detected by our radar operators. The radar operators assumed they were either a large group of birds or some U.S. planes out on a training mission. The first attack by the Japanese started at 7:55 am. Our ships were lined up next to each other. This made them easy targets for the Japanese pilots. In just a short period of time, five of our eight destroyers were sunk and the rest badly damaged. A second wave of Japanese planes also attacked Pearl Harbor. They continued to attack our ships and also attacked our airfields. One type of ship they didn’t sink was our aircraft carriers. They looked for them but never found them. They were out doing some training missions. The Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor destroyed 188 airplanes.

Ambush Marketing

Ambush marketing is a marketing tool, which may lead to serious marketing success. Ambush marketing emphasizes the importance of shows in big business promotion, and the role of big business in creating shows. Sporting events represent just one example of the way ambush marketing can work in real world business environment. Sponsorship becomes secondary as soon as ambush marketing tools are applied in practice. Ambush marketing is the use of a Sporting Event, in marketing, while not sponsoring the event.The use of the event is done to associate the company with the event, however, in most cases a rival company will be the official sponsor of the event. This is done in full legality and does not break any laws. Ambush marketing is an extremely flexible means of using shows in business promotion. Ambush marketing can take variety of forms, and be adjusted to particular marketing situations. However, this form of marketing strategy generates numerous legal and ethical issues. Sponsors c laim discriminative character of ambush marketing approaches.Simultaneously, ambush theory offers a list of solutions to tackle ethical and legal issues. A Great, yet hypothetical, Example of ambush marketing would be an American Superbowl, which is usually sponsored by Budweiser Beer. Miller beer traditionally associated with the game is not its official sponsor. In reality, Miller uses the benefits of Budweiser’s sponsorship to promote its own trademark, without breaking the legality of the sporting event. Why this trend? Sport is a big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sports.Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on the stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi-national business. Although sports have had a commercial component to its o peration since its formative years tracing back to Ancient Greece, in no previous time have we seen the type of exponential growth in the commercialization of sports as occurred in the past decades.This is mainly due to the sophistication of advertisement such as the purchasing of TV and radio slots and billboards in prime locations. It is important to note that sponsorship is not the first financial resource of sport organisations. The main sources of funding for major sport and mega events are TV broadcast rights, sponsoring comes in second and ticketing third . Sponsoring grew in line with the phenomenal increase in TV demand for sport events. One of the main reasons for the emerging yet inevitable trend of Ambush Marketing is to this hype surrounding famous events such as the Olympics, FIFA World Cup and the NFL Super Bowl.Due to the high costs of sponsoring such events, smaller companies cannot afford to spend the amounts larger conglomerates and multinational companies like Co ca Cola, Samsung, McDonalds, Nike, and Kodak pay for getting their sponsorship, and this is one of the basic reasons that is perpetrating ambush marketing. Even larger companies are limited to the amount of events they can sponsor since the sponsorship fees do not include the expenses of the advertisement such as TV, print, outdoor ads, and promotional activities.For the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, the Coca-Cola Company forecasted their expenses to about $60 million for commercial air time on NBC’s Olympic telecasts in addition to the $40 million the company paid for its worldwide sponsorship rights. Common Forms & Strategies Ambush Marketing takes many forms. One main form commonly used is known as Association Ambushing. This is when the non-sponsor gives the impression of being an official sponsor by using words or symbols associated with the event.For example, during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Anheuser-Busch was the official sponsor and Schirf Brewery, a local and small company, came up with a fairly clever idea of marking its delivery trucks with â€Å"Wasutch Beers. The Unofficial Beer. 2002 Winter Games. † Another main type of ambush marketing is known as Intrusion Ambushing, which is when the non-sponsor piggybacks on the media and spectator exposure of the event for instance by advertising near event venues. Some of the most commonly, but not restricted, employed ambush marketing strategies are as follows:1. Sponsoring the broadcast of the event: Kodak’s sponsorship of the ABC broadcasts of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics when Fuji was the official IOC sponsor.2. Sponsoring sub-categories within an event and exploit the investment aggressively: During the 1988 Olympics at Seoul, Kodak secured the worldwide category sponsorship for the Games, while Fuji obtained sub-sponsorship of the U. S. swimming team.3. Making a sponsorship-related contribution to a players’ pool: Ian Thorpe was sponsored by Adidas when Nike was the official clothing supplier for the Australian Olympic team.Thorpe was even photographed with his towel draped over Nike’s logo at a medal presentation ceremony to protect his personal contract with Adidas. 4. Engaging in advertising that coincides with a sponsored event: Intense advertising done by a competitor during or around a sponsored event such as booking billboards near to event venues to fool consumers into thinking there is a link to the event. An example of this was during the 1992 Olympics; Nike placed large murals of USA basketball team members Michael Jordan and Charles Barkley on the sides of buildings in Barcelona.Nike was not an official sponsor of the Games. 5. Pulling a stunt: This is when a small amount of people pull a high profile stunt to attract attention. For example, during an Australian-New Zealnd rugby match in 2002, two naked men streaked onto the playing field â€Å"wearing† a painted-on Vodafone logo, while Vodafone was not a sponsor. Effectiveness Ambush marketing, undoubtedly has been found to be quite effective in its success in creating the appearance of being a legitimate sponsor. In practice, it appears that the public does not properly identify the official sponsors.On corporate sponsorship, Tony Meenaghan explained in an article for the Sloan Management Review, â€Å"By sponsoring an event or providing a budget for an event's broadcast, a sponsor can generate audience awareness while simultaneously creating associations of the event's values in people's minds,† Further on he states, â€Å"An ambush marketer can associate with a major event without large-scale investment in securing rights and thereby fulfill brand awareness and image objectives at low cost—benefits usually available only to the official sponsor,† â€Å"It also generates goodwill, which is a consumer's natural reaction to support for an activity of which he or she approves.At the very least, it creates consum er confusion, thereby denying the legitimate sponsor clear recognition for its sponsorship role. † Meenaghan claimed that ambush marketing â€Å"simultaneously reduces the effectiveness of the sponsor's message while undermining the quality and value of the sponsorship opportunity that the event owner is selling. † In a 1994 survey by the Wirthlin Group, a corporate image research organization, showed that only 12 percent of American adults were able to identify Coke as an Olympic sponsor, despite its’ 66-year affiliation. Furthermore, no other Olympic corporation sponsor had more than 3 percent recognition.An outstanding example on the effectiveness of ambush marketing that is still seen as the ambush of all ambushes is Nike’s marketing campaign for the 1996 Atlantic Olympics. Nike plastered the city in billboards, handed out swoosh banners to wave at the competitions and constructed an enormous Nike center overlooking the stadium. Following the 1996 Atla nta fiasco, many thought Nike had been an official sponsor of the games. In December 2001, a study found that, from a list of 45 likely sponsors of the 2002 World Cup, 20 percent of those polled picked Nike. Ethical & Legal Issues The main question that arises is whether or not the practice of ambush marketing is ethical, illegal, or simply smart business practice.In reality, marketing has never been a gentle industry to begin with. Ambush marketers refer to the event and to their own names and products in an ingenious and creative manner, without using registered trademarks, logos, and slogans so in most cases they manage to circumvent the law. This puts the legal position of ambush marketing practices in an unclear position. Referring back to the Nike example during the 1996 Atlantic Olympics, Simon Pestridge, Nike’s brand manager explains diplomatically in an interview with MSNBC following the event, â€Å"We play inside the rules and we bring a different point of view th at’s true and authentic to sport. â€Å"Corporate sponsors and event organizers regard the â€Å"parasitic† or piggyback tactics, a term often used by aggrieved event organizers and their sponsors, as unethical. On the other hand, ambush marketers argue it is a fair game. Merrill Squires, managing partner of the Dallas-based Marketing Arm, said in a 1999 interview with ABCnews. com, â€Å"The weak link is marketers who sign a sponsorship deal and don’t look at it carefully. They need to negotiate for every potential right to block out competitors. † Tackling the Issue Learning from experience, sponsors and event owners have picked up on several strategies for countering ambush marketing:1. Pressurize event owners to protect their events. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) seeks to block ambushing by controlling images, official license souvenirs, and by offering first option to official sponsors on other promotional opportunities.2. Link event and broadcast sponsorship. This includes combined packages of event sponsorship, broadcast sponsorship and advertising time around television broadcast of the event.3. Anticipate potential competitive promotions. Sponsors must investigate the terms of sponsorship contract, what rights co-sponsors have and if they are in the same industry.4. Exploit the sponsorship rights secured. Sponsors should launch a well-rounded marketing communications campaign and exploit the association with the event fully.5. Resort to legal action, especially if a non-sponsor uses marks associated with an event. There have been several major attempts to crackdown on ambush marketing. One major attempt was the Sydney’s Solution also known as the Sydney 2000 Act, which went further than ever in trying to counter ambush marketing.The highlights of the Acts passed were the Indicia and Images Act and Olympic Arrangements Act. The Indicia and Images Act prohibited the use of phrases and images from unlicense d commercial use, which was broadly defined that would suggest a connection with the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The Olympic Arrangements Act prohibited any selling or distribution of articles in public places within a 3km radius from the event.There were several non-sponsors who were still able to legally market their brand around the event. In the end, Sydney went further that ever in trying to crackdown on ambush marketing strategies, but were still found to be inadequate for responding to ingenious marketing strategies. It is clear that the control of ambush marketing requires additional strategies. In the future as the Beijing Olympic Games are approaching in August 2008, the International Olympic Committee claims they are preparing to counter ambush marketing. The IOC plans to safeguard its sponsors’ interests inside the venues by making sure no ambush marketing campaigns are being picked up by television cameras.Non-authorized beverages will be banned from the venues as well as t-shirts and products featuring non-sponsor corporate names linked with the Olympic Games. Conclusion If Ambush marketing provides smaller companies with a chance to promote themselves, does that mean that ambush marketing approaches are legally and ethically misbalanced?Does that mean that smaller companies illegally use the official sponsorship benefits to promote their trademarks? There is no definite answer to that question. One thing is clear: Ambush marketing remains one of the most effective marketing tools in contemporary business and sports. As long as sports turn into business, and business makes money in sports, ambush marketing will bring substantial financial profits to those who are aware of its benefits.The coming Olympic Games in Beijing will show the effectiveness of anti-ambush procedures which the IOC plans to implement, but companies will still seek new means of advertising themselves without sponsoring big shows. Ambush marketing is an evasive tool of s elf-advertising; as long as it takes unclear legal position, ambush marketing strategies will keep flourishing across all levels of promotion in business. Ambush marketing is an ambiguous means of companies’ self-promotion. On the one hand, it helps smaller companies gain a better market share and make their trademarks recognizable to potential customers. On the other hand, larger sponsors view ambush marketing as the means of undermining their marketing stability.Confusion is the third, and probably, the most important effect ambush marketing causes on consumers. In this complicated marketing environment, competitors should be more careful when signing sponsorship deals. Legal responsibility will eliminate the majority of ambush marketing threats which sponsors should address on their way towards success and recognition.Bibliography1. Sauer, Abram. â€Å"Ambush Marketing Steals the Show. † May 27, 2002. .2. Meenaghan, Tony. â€Å"Ambush Marketing—A Threat to C orporate Sponsorship. † Sloan Management Review. Fall 1996. .3. â€Å"THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; In ‘trolling for sponsors,' organizers of the 1996 Games are playing against the clock — and trailing. † The New York Times. 31 August 1995 .4. Garrigues, Cristina. Ambush Marketing: A Threat to Global Sponsored Events? 26 March 2004. .5. http://www. usp-age. com/flash/2006/jul06/marketing_battle. swf.6. http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2001/10. html.7. http://www. accessmylibrary. com/coms2/summary_0286-9614696_ITM.8. Shah, Tina. â€Å"Ambush Marketing.† November 2004 http://www. advancedge. com/archives/nov04/MBArk_ambush_marktng. pdf.9. ALSO NOTE ABOUT RAPPAPORT DOCUMENT Wei L, Kretschmer M. , Ambush Marketing: A study of strategies and legal responses, ISLR Pandektis, Vol. 5:3, 2004. Davis R. N. , Ambushing the Olympic Games, ISLR/Pandektis, Vol. III Nr. ?, p. 7.10. Page name: Ambush marketing, Author: Wikipedia contributors , Pu blisher: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. , Date of last revision: 28 April 2008 04:46 UTC , Date retrieved: 30 April 2008 15:14 UTC , Permanent link: http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Ambush_marketing&oldid=208688867 , Page Version ID: 208688867.FOOTNOTE : According to the International Olympic Committee, the revenues generated from these sources for the period from 2001 until 2004 accounted for respectively 53%, 34% and 11% of , the remaining 2% coming from other licensing activities, http://www. olympic. org/uk/organisation/facts/revenue/index_uk. asp;This is roughly true in relation to football as well. According to FIFA’s 2006 Financial statements, 58% of its revenues in 2006 came from TV broadcasting rights and 24% from marketing rights, i. e. sponsoring, http://fr. fifa. com/mm/document/affederation/administration/2006_fifa_ar_en_1766. pdf; FIFA’s overall yearly revenue for the period 2003-2006 reached CHF 3. 238 billions.

Bright Light Innovations SWOT Analysis Essay

A group of professional members of Colorado State University excited about developing and marketing the product The Starlight Stove consumes 50 to 70 percent less fuel than regular stoves The stove generates electricity from a thermoelectric generator. Competitors do not offer the same features as the Starlight Stove. Increase household income because Starlight Stoves allows families to focus more on earning more money rather than collecting fuel or wood to generate electricity The Starlight Stove costs less than the competition Weaknesses The university is a non-profit organization, making it harder to find funding Working adults in Nepal make between $1 and $3 per day Less than half of the Nepalese population can read Marketing campaign needs to be adjusted based on technology limitations Management is launching its product in a very unique culture with economic uncertainty that can bring many challenges to the team Opportunities Offer an innovative product, Starlight Stove, where consumers can safely cook Expand to the Nepal market as the climate is accessible to promote the new product There is a target market of 89 percent of households that need electricity in Nepal The Starlight Stove will directly contribute to the reduction of erosion and flooding in Nepal Starlight Stove technologies can increase household efficiency by more than 20 percent per day Children can focus more on education because Starlight generates more hours of light Threats Streams and rivers can create micro-hydropower, allowing households to generate electricity at no additional cost Solar panels can offer electricity to many households Nepal’s division into 75 districts creates a market segmentation that become a true challenge when introducing the new product The management team not  being able to find a funding institution that can provide loans to the Nepalese people Evaluation of Alternatives Bright Light Innovations has a series of considerations that need to be reviewed before making final decisions. Introducing a new product on such a unique market can represent a lot of challenges for management (Mckeever, 2005). Culture and population are important factors for management to evaluate before reaching onto this market (refer to Appendix A). There are good factors such as climate and social needs that make Nepal a strong market to introduce the stove business. However, funding and household income are big concerns for management because even though there are a lot of strengths and opportunities for Bright Light Innovations in Nepal, treats and weaknesses can negatively impact the launching of the Starlight Stove in the Nepalese market. Management wants to be a for-profit business and in order to make a profit they would have to sell the Starlight Stove for $80 per unit. As described in the case, there are about 9.2 million households in Nepal, but the GNI per capital is approximately $400. Nepalese people do not make more than $3 per week, which limits management when making pricing decisions. Micro-financing might be a possibility but they have to consider that not all households have a fixed income. Consequently, finance institutions might be hesitant to provide loans to some of the families. Since management does not want to look to donations, grants, or government relief, they will have to reach onto business leaders, government members of Nepal, and other institutions to expose the product and all the benefits it can bring to the country. As described above, some of the benefits of the Starlight Stove are: offers an innovative technology where consumers can safely cook, contributes to reduce erosion and flooding in the area, increases household efficiency by more than 20 percent per day, and generates more hours of light which can help children focus more on education. If Bright Light Innovations decides to manufacture the Starlight Stove locally, it can represent an increase in local jobs, income per capital, and children’s education. In addition, it can drastically decrease deforestation and indoor air pollution (top ten causes of mortality). Therefore, strong marketing strategies and decisions have to be introduced to effectively promote the Starlight Stove throughout the 75 districts (60  villages consisting of 450 villages). Management needs to carefully consider the marketing plan for this product since there are technology limitations and only half of the adults can read in Nepal. Support of Recommendations Market segmentation allows marketers to understand customers’ needs and identify target markets (Peter & Donnelly, 2011). Bright Light Innovations will be able to evaluate different segments to determine differential advantages in each of those segments. Furthermore, management will be able to determine any of the particular marketing mix for a more successful strategic plan. Market segmentation can be obtained by researching geographic data (zip code, region, etc), demographic data (age, occupation, nationality, etc), psychographic data (social status, personal type, etc), behavioral data (customer behavior), or any other data that can be beneficial to the research (Kawasaki, 2004). According to Hyman and Sierra (2010), before a service or product is introduced into the market, the marketer needs to have a good understanding of the consumer’s needs and preferences. For that reason, it is recommended that management considers all of the limitations and challenges that t he Nepalese market has for the Starlight Stove. Major decisions need to be made by management to effectively make profit on this product. Therefore, since there are similar characteristics in northern India, management should consider this other market as another possible option (see Appendix B). India is a far more developed country than Nepal. India is ranked in the lower-middle-income group with a GNI per capital of approximately $1500 (The World Bank, 2014). On the other hand, Nepal is ranked in the low-income group. There are other possible markets in South Asia that can be consider and might represent a less challenge, especially since management is looking to make profit. Bright Light Innovations needs to consider GNI numbers before deciding where this product will be launched. Because there are technology limitations in Nepal, management will need to create a marketing campaign that can be clear and easy to understand by the Nepalese citizens. Magazines are always a great source of marketing, but these can represent a chal lenge in Nepal since only half of the adults can read and 11% of the households have electricity. Therefore, visuals and signs can be strategically placed among the different villages to target the corresponding districts. Bright Light  Innovations can go to the schools and educate the children about how the Starlight Stove can benefit their families and their lives as they represent the future generations in Nepal. In this way, children can speak to their parents about everything they have learned about this new innovative and affordable new product. Management can also arrange meetings with each of the local governments to introduce the product and explain all the benefits that can bring to the local communities. In this way, local government officials can help Bright Light Innovations hold local gatherings with audio-visual systems that can attract as many villagers as possible. Management can speak to the crowd about the benefits of the Starlight Stove and demonstrate its features through a live demo or lively entertaining video. The audience will get to know the product and understand the positive impact that can have for their families and environment. A market segmentation process has to be created to determine the households who have electricity and target the appropriate market to obtain an analysis of consumer’s needs and preferences (Fiore, 2005). Management will have to create a strategic marketing plan to reach those customers who already have electricity (e.g. solar panels) and might be interested in saving money. According to Perreault, Cannon, and McCarthy (2013), marketers need to do a competitor analysis to â€Å"compare the strengths and weaknesses of your current (or planned) target market and marketing mix with what competitors are currently doing or are likely to do in response of your strategy† (p. 63). For example, promotional materials are important factors in the success of a marketing plan (Horvà ¡th, Mitev, & Bauer, 2014). Management need to create advertisement with lots of visuals that provide information about the Starlight Stove to attract villagers from different areas. Bright Light Innovations needs to find a financial institution that can offer flexible loans to the Nepalese villagers as household incomes vary from district to district. If the product is manufactured locally, which can save a lot of import taxes, management might consider establishing a discount program for the employees. As a result, more locals will be able to afford buying the Starlight Stove, increasing brand name and brand loyalty throughout the villages. In today’s economy, marketing strategies have to be flexible enough to accommodate market needs and preferences. The long-term success of a product comes from strategic marketing plan ideas and â€Å"long-term marketing  and brand building that can directly impact the competitiveness of a company, especially by differentiating it from competitors, and product placements part of long-term marketing and brand building† (KramoliÃ… ¡ & KopeÄ kovà ¡, 2013, p. 98). References Fiore, F. F. (2005). Write a business plan in no time. Que Publishing. Hayrynen, K. L. (2014). It’s all about marketing. International Journal Of Metalcasting, 8(3), 7-12. Horvà ¡th, D., Mitev, A., & Bauer, A. (2014). Winning media strategies in the time of the economic crisis. Vezetà ©studomà ¡ny / Budapest Management Review, 45(2), 46-52. Hyman, M. R., & Sierra, J.J. (2010). Marketing research kit for dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Kawasaki, G. (2004). The art of the start. Palo Alto, CA: Portfolio. KramoliÃ… ¡, J., & KopeÄ kovà ¡, M. (2013). Product Placement: A Smart Marketing Tool Shifting a Company to the Next Competitive Level. Journal Of Competitiveness, 5(4), 98-114. Perreault, W. D., Cannon, J. P., & McCarthy, E. J. (2013). Basic Marketing: A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach. (19th ed). McGraw-Hill Irwin, Chicago, IL Peter, J. P., & Donnelly, J. H., Jr. (2011). Marketing management: Knowledge and skills (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sapkotas, C. (2013). Economic growth, trade & development policy. Retrieved from: http://sapkotac.blogspot.com/2013/09/will-nepal-graduate-from-ldc-category.html The World Bank. (2013). Retrieved from: http://data.worldbank.org/country/india Mckeever, M. P. (2005). How to write a business plan. (7th ed). Berkeley, CA: Delta Printing Solutions, Inc.

Using the Spanish Verb Haber

Using the Spanish Verb Haber Haber is one of the most common verbs in Spanish, used most of the time as an auxiliary or helping verb. Although haber is similar in form to have and is often translated that way, it is unrelated to the English verb. Haber has three main uses as seen below. Haber as an Auxiliary Verb in Compound Tenses When used as an auxiliary verb, haber is the equivalent of the English auxiliary to have (which is much different than the English to have when it means to possess). Haber is used to form what is known as the perfect tenses because they refer to actions that have been or will be completed. (Completed used to be a common meaning of perfect.) As in English, the perfect tenses are formed by following a form of haber with a past participle. He comprado un coche. (I have bought a car.) ¿Has estudiado? (Have you studied?)Han salido. (They have left.)Habr salido. (She will have left.)Habrà ­a hablado. (I would have spoken.) In English, it is very common to insert an adverb or another word between the two parts of a compound verb, such as in the sentence he has always gone. But in Spanish (except perhaps in poetry), the two verb parts arent separated. As a beginner, you dont need to learn all the tenses using haber now, but you should be able to recognize haber when it is used. You should also be aware that while the perfect tenses in Spanish and English are quite similar in form, they arent always used in exactly the same way. Haber for There Is or There Are One peculiarity of haber is that it has a unique conjugated form, hay (pronounced basically the same as the English eye) that means there is or there are. Hay una silla en la cocina. (There is one chair in the kitchen.)Hay dos sillas en la cocina. (There are two chairs in the kitchen.) Note that in the above examples, the English there isnt referring to location, but to mere existence. The most common word for there in terms of location is allà ­. Example: Hay una silla allà ­. There is a chair there. Haber can be used in this way in tenses other than the present, although not as commonly. In formal Spanish, as in the second example above, the singular form of the verb is used even when it refers to more than one person or thing. Haber  in Idioms Haber can be used in a number of idioms, which are phrases that have a meaning apart from the meanings of the words in them. The one youll run into most often as a beginner is haber que, which means to be necessary when followed by an infinitive. When used this way in the present tense, the hay form of haber is used. Hay que saltar. (It is necessary to jump.)Hay que conocerlo para comprenderlo. (It is necessary to know him in order to understand him.)Habr que salir a las dos. (It will be necessary to leave at 2 oclock.) Conjugating Haber As is the case with most other common verbs, haber is conjugated irregularly. Here is the conjugation for its present indicative tense, the one used most often. yo (I) he I have tà º (informal singular you) has you have usted (formal singular you), à ©l (he), ella (she) ha (sometimes hay) you have, he has, she has nosotros, nosotras (we) hemos we have vosotros, vosotras (informal plural you) habà ©is you have ustedes (formal plural you), ellos, ellas (they) han (sometimes hay) you have, they have

Quines pueden ajustar su estatus y sacar green card

Quines pueden ajustar su estatus y sacar green card El  ajuste de estatus  es un trmite migratorio muy ventajoso que permite a una persona que se encuentra ya en Estados Unidos sacar la tarjeta de residencia permanente (green card) sin necesidad de salir del paà ­s. Lamentablemente no todos los migrantes pueden solicitarlo. Por la importancia del ajuste migratorio, tambià ©n conocido por sus siglas en inglà ©s de AOS, en este artà ­culo se explican cules son sus ventajas, quià ©nes pueden solicitarlo, cà ³mo se tramita la solicitud y cul es la alternativa para los casos en los que no es posible. Ventajas de sacar la green card por ajuste de estatus El AOS brinda dos grandes beneficios: Evita los costes de viajar fuera de Estados Unidos para completar la tramitacià ³n de una solicitud de green card.Y, sobre todo, evita que aplique el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Es importante tener en consideracià ³n que esta penalidad sà ³lo aplica a las personas que se encuentran fuera de Estados Unidos y desean regresar con una visa de inmigrante o una de no inmigrante. Migrantes que pueden pedir ajuste de estatus por familia o trabajo Pueden hacerlo los migrantes que se encuentran en alguna de las siguientes categorà ­as: Los familiares inmediatos de un ciudadano americano: esposo, mujer, padres, madres e hijos menores solteros de 21 aà ±os si estn legalmente en USA o si, estando ilegalmente, su ingreso fue legal y ahora estn ilegales porque se quedaron en el paà ­s ms all del plazo autorizado de estadà ­a. Sin embargo, no se puede solicitar  si han ingresado al paà ­s ilegalmente sin pasar por un control de inmigracià ³n en una aduana.  Esto es muy importante porque impide sacar la green card sin salir de Estados Unidos a cà ³nyuges, hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os y padres de ciudadanos americanos que llegaron al paà ­s cruzando ilegalmente la frontera. En este caso hay excepciones limitadas, como el caso de familiares de militares por aplicacià ³n del programa Parole in Place (PIP). Por otra parte, los hijos casados, los hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os y los hermanos de ciudadanos americanos y los cà ³nyuges e hijos de cualquier edad de residentes permanentes sà ³lo pueden ajustar su estatus en USA si estn legalmente en el paà ­s, y debido a los tiempos de demora sà ³lo en casos excepcionales ser posible. Finalmente, los  prometidos de  ciudadanos americanos y los hijos de aquellos que hayan entrado a Estados Unidos con visas K-1 y K-2 respectivamente. Se requiere que el matrimonio se contraiga en los 90 dà ­as siguientes a haber ingresado al paà ­s. Es muy importante tener en cuenta que la boda se tiene que celebrar entre la persona pedida y el que la pide. No se puede cambiar de novio/a. Otro ejemplo de posibilidad de sacar la green card por ajuste de estatus tiene lugar cuando empresas y otras instituciones americanas como por ejemplo ONGs o universidades solicitar tarjetas de residencia para trabajadores y profesionales extranjeros. Si la peticià ³n es aprobada se proceder a solicitar su ajuste de estatus, siempre y cuando està ©n en el paà ­s legalmente. En otras palabras, ninguna empresa puede patrocinar una green card por razones de trabajo a un migrante que est en Estados Unidos con estatus de indocumentado, tanto si esa situacià ³n es porque entrà ³ ilegalmente o porque no salià ³ a tiempo del paà ­s. Ajuste de estatus con carcter derivado En ciertos casos se permite que cuando se tramita un ajuste de estatus para una persona que se pueda extender la peticià ³n a su cà ³nyuge e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os.   Asilo polà ­tico, refugiados y ajuste de estatus Las personas a las que se le ha aprobado la condicià ³n de asilado  podrn al cumplir el aà ±o a contar desde esa fecha solicitar por sà ­ mismas el ajuste de estatus. Es necesario que se cumplan los siguientes requisitos: Presencia fà ­sica en Estados Unidos por al menos 365 dà ­as tras la concesià ³n de la condicià ³n de asilado.Y que las circunstancias por las que se le concedià ³ la solicitud de asilo no hayan cambiado.Podrn, asimismo, solicitar el ajuste sus cà ³nyuges e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. Asimismo, podrn solicitar este beneficio migratorio tras residir en Estados Unidos por un aà ±o tras haber ingresado al paà ­s como refugiados. Cubanos y su rà ©gimen migratorio especial Para las personas con pasaporte cubano aplica la ley conocida de Ajuste Cubano. Pero tener en cuenta que ya no est en aplicacià ³n la polà ­tica de  pies secos, pies mojados. Con Ajuste Cubano se puede solicitar el ajuste de estatus tras pasar un aà ±o y un dà ­a viviendo en Estados Unidos pero se tiene que haber ingresado legalmente. Los cà ³nyuges y los hijos solteros de cualquier edad de un cubano pero que tengan otra nacionalidad podrn tambià ©n pedir el ajuste de estatus tras pasar 365 dà ­as en Estados Unidos si ingresaron legalmente. Ajuste de estatus por residencia continuada en Estados Unidos Los extranjeros que han  vivido en Estados Unidos de manera continua desde el 1 de enero de 1972 y pueden demostrarlo podrn solicitar un ajuste de estatus. Es lo que se conoce como residencia por el registry. Casos humanitarios y ajuste de estatus Tambià ©n pueden solicitar el ajuste de estatus los migrantes que han recibido una visa U por và ­ctima de violencia o una visa T por trfico humano si han vivido en los Estados Unidos por al menos por 3 aà ±os desde que recibieron esa visa. En el caso de và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica que se han regularizado mediante el programa VAWA y tienen una peticià ³n I-360 aprobada, pueden pedir el ajuste de estatus inmediatamente si son cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos. Por el contrario, si son cà ³nyuges de residentes deben esperar que llegue su fecha de prioridad. Esta puede ser la del I-360 o, si su cà ³nyuge les habà ­a pedido previamente, la del I-130. Decisià ³n judicial En casos de deportacià ³n un juez de inmigracià ³n puede decidir conceder un ajuste de estatus a un inmigrante extranjero. Esta es una de las formas de alivio con las que se puede luchar frente a la deportacià ³n. Casos especiales de menores migrantes En ocasiones, una corte americana puede decidir que un menor extranjero no puede vivir con sus padres por razones de abuso, negligencia o abandono y establece que es en interà ©s del muchacho permanecer en Estados Unidos. Estos casos se conocen como inmigrantes juveniles especiales (SIJ, siglas en inglà ©s) y se permite que estos menores soliciten un ajuste de estatus para sà ­ mismos. Casos especiales de inmigrantes militares Siempre en los tà ©rminos que disponga la ley, los extranjeros que colaboren con los Ejà ©rcitos americanos podrn, en ciertas circunstancias, solicitar un ajuste de estatus. En estos momentos se concede este beneficio a traductores e intà ©rpretes afganos e iraquà ­es. Beneficios sociales para las personas tramitando un ajuste de estatus En algunos estados las personas en trmites para ajustar su estatus son consideradas PRUCOL y se les reconoce algunos beneficios sociales. Los requisitos varà ­an segà ºn el estado y segà ºn el tipo de beneficio. Cà ³mo se pide el ajuste de estatus La planilla a llenar es la I-485. Hay que enviarla debidamente cumplimentada, con el pago de la tarifa y documentacià ³n adicional necesaria. En cuanto al momento, depende del caso. Por ejemplo, si se trata de familiares inmediatos (cà ³nyuges, hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os y padres) de ciudadanos americanos se puede enviar junto con la peticià ³n cuando se llena el I-130. Pero en los casos en los que existe un tope anual por categorà ­a hay que esperar a lo que se conoce como fecha al corriente. Para eso hay que consultar todos los meses el boletà ­n de visas. Viajar con peticià ³n pendiente y quà © hacer con retrasos y negaciones Es posible que el USCIS no apruebe la solicitud de ajuste de estatus. En estos casos, chequea si puedes apelar su decisià ³n. Asimismo, si se retrasa en dar una respuesta ms all de lo que es habitual para este tipo de trmite, consultar con un abogado si procede demandar mediante un writ of mandamus. Tambià ©n es muy importante tener en cuenta que si se inicia un proceso de ajuste de estatus no se debe salir de Estados Unidos sin pedir previamente una autorizacià ³n conocida como advance parole. El procedimiento consular como opcià ³n al ajuste de estatus Cuando  no se pueda ajustar el estatus  la opcià ³n es salir de Estados Unidos e ir a travà ©s de lo que se conoce procedimiento consular. El gran problema con esto surge cuando se ha estado ilegalmente en los Estados Unidos por ms de 180 dà ­as porque aplica el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os, si bien hay casos de excepciones. Es cierto que en algunos casos es posible solicitar un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso. Pero las estadà ­sticas muestran que no es fcil obtenerlo. Por esta razà ³n es muy importante conocer cules son las opciones para el caso de cada uno y si hay un riesgo real de quedarse fuera de Estados Unidos por muchos aà ±os.

Two-Variable Inequality Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Two-Variable Inequality - Speech or Presentation Example Write an inequality that limits the possible number of maple rockers of each type that can be made, and graph the inequality in the first quadrant. The; is (0,200) the line slants from the left dropping to right. The line represented is solid. The pertinent segment in the graph is the 1st quadrant. The shaded region is from the line and ends at the origin of the graph. A chain furniture store faxes an order for 175 modern rocking chairs and 125 classic rocking chairs. Will Ozark Furniture be able to fill this order with the current lumber on hand? If yes, how much lumber will they have left? If no, how much more lumber would they need to fill the order? Explain your answers. A graph was obtained by drawing x axis horizontally and y axis vertically. An inequality equation was formed based on the questioned above and thereafter used to draw the graph. The shaded region was identified which then was used to obtain the solutions of the